ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Evaluation of unipolar and bipolar nanosecond pulses for calcium electrochemotherapy and immune response.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Calcium electrochemotherapy (CaECT) is an effective alternative to standard chemotherapeutic treatments, utilizing intracellular delivery of supraphysiological calcium concentrations to induce cell death. High-frequency sub-microsecond bursts can be successfully used for CaECT, however, bipolar waveforms have not yet been characterized in this context, potentially offering better impedance mitigation and more uniform treatment when compared to unipolar procedures. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility of unipolar and symmetric bipolar sub-microsecond pulses (7 kV/cm × 300 ns × 250, 1 MHz) for CaECT including their capacity to modulate antitumor immunity in a moderately immunogenic murine breast cancer model. Standard microsecond protocol (1.5 kV/cm × 100 μs × 8 pulses at 1 Hz) was used as a reference.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.