ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Dietary 1.3-1.6 yeast β-glucans enhance immune response and disease resilience in European seabass challenged with
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Nutritional strategies have emerged as promising tools to modulate immune responses in marine fish, particularly at mucosal surfaces involved in host-pathogen interactions. Dietary immunomodulators such as yeast-derived β-glucans (BG) have gained attention for their capacity to enhance innate immune defenses, however their role in coordinating these mechanisms during bacterial infections remains incompletely understood. Methods: This study evaluated the effects of two dietary inclusion levels (0.06 and 0.12%) of purified yeast β-1,3/1,6-glucans on the immune responses of European seabass ( Results: Growth performance and feed efficiency were not affected by BG supplementation. At 24 h post-infection, fish fed with the 0.12% BG diet maintained circulating leukocyte counts and displayed increased plasma lysozyme activity, indicating enhanced early immune readiness. Moreover skin immune responses showed an early upregulation of pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial related genes, followed by increased expression of regulatory cytokines at 7 days post-infection, suggesting an efficient transition from immune activation to resolution. In contrast, intestinal immune responses remained largely unchanged, indicating a compartmentalized modulation focused on the primary site of infection. Conclusion: Overall, dietary BG supplementation exerted a dose dependent immunostimulatory effect in European seabass, with 0.12% BG eliciting the most significant chances in disease resilience.
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