SynthesisFrontiers in oncology2026
Efficacy and safety of tyrosine kinase inhibitor combination therapy for glioblastoma: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The novel [RSC advances · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) administered as monotherapy have demonstrated limited clinical efficacy in glioblastoma (GBM). This study synthesized evidence from existing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination treatments incorporating TKIs for GBM. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase to identify RCTs published up to January 10, 2026. The efficacy of treatments was evaluated by progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD), while safety was assessed by the incidence of adverse events (AEs). Survival outcomes were pooled as hazard ratios (HRs) and dichotomous outcomes as risk ratios (RRs), each reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the Cochrane Q test, I² statistic, and 95% prediction intervals (PIs). Trial sequential analysis was incorporated into the meta-analysis to control the likelihood of false-positive and false-negative conclusions. Results: This analysis included 10 RCTs encompassing 1,435 GBM. The overall analysis revealed that combination therapies incorporating TKIs significantly improved PFS (HR [95% CI] = 0.834 [0.697-0.998], 95% PI: 0.506-1.376) and ORR (RR [95% CI] = 1.664 [1.083-2.558], 95% PI: 0.917-2.868) compared with TKI-free control regimens. However, no significant benefits were observed for OS, SD, or PD. Further subgroup analyses stratified by combination regimens (TKIs plus standard chemoradiotherapy or TKIs plus non-standard therapies) and by GBM status (newly diagnosed or recurrent GBM) did not identify any statistically significant efficacy differences (all Conclusion: Our study suggests that combination regimens incorporating TKIs may have only modest therapeutic activity for GBM, showing signals of improved PFS and ORR but no OS benefit in the current evidence base. Clinicians should remain vigilant for AEs associated with these combination regimens, ensure close monitoring, and promptly implement appropriate measures to manage and mitigate toxicity. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420261293988.
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