SynthesisBMC psychology2026
Factors influencing anime-generated parasocial relationships: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAnime has grown from Japanese art form into a global phenomenon, captivating diverse audiences. Its vivid storytelling, expressive characters, and digital accessibility have created a worldwide fandom, influencing entertainment preferences, social behaviors, identity, and emotional well-being. Parasocial relationships (PSRs) are one-sided psychological bonds that individuals form with anime characters. Despite anime's popularity, research has not fully examined the determinants that contribute to the formation and development of PSRs with anime characters. This review aims to systematically synthesize current evidence on these determinants and the underlying theories related to parasocial relationships.
methodsThe aim is to study the determinants influencing anime-generated PSRs and theoretical explanations of those determinants. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, systematic search was conducted across different databases. Inclusion criteria focused on studies that empirically examined PSRs with anime characters, excluding those related to other media forms or lacking direct PSR measures. Risk of bias was assessed using the JBI checklists, and thematic synthesis was used to extract and organize findings.
resultsThis systematic review synthesized findings from nine empirical studies (quantitative and qualitative) involving participants aged 18-60 years. Thematic synthesis identified nine key determinants influencing the formation, deepening (identification & projection, personality, long-term anime consumption, sense of belonging), and psychological outcomes (social behaviour, emotional regulation, coping/stress relief, self-discovery, purchasing intention) of anime-generated parasocial relationships (PSRs).
conclusionsThe review shows that PSRs with anime characters may be associated with emotions, identity, and coping, offering support but also posing risks like overattachment. These findings may help therapists, teachers, and media creators use characters in helpful ways while encouraging balanced and healthy media use.
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