Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42086915›Full record

ArticleCommunications biology2026

Human sand fly challenge elicits saliva-specific innate and type 1-polarized immunity that promotes Leishmania killing.

Maha Abdeladhim, Clarissa Teixeira, Roseanne Ressner, Kelly Hummer, Ranadhir Dey, Regis Gomes, Waldionê de Castro, Fernanda Fortes de Araujo, George W Turiansky, Eva Iniguez and 6 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Communications biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Maha Abdeladhim *Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Clarissa Teixeira *Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biotechnology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Eusébio, Ceará, Brazil.
Roseanne RessnerWalter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Kelly HummerInfectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Ranadhir DeyDivision of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-7867
Regis GomesLaboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biotechnology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Eusébio, Ceará, Brazil.
Waldionê de CastroVector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Fernanda Fortes de AraujoInfectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
George W TurianskyDepartment of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Eva IniguezVector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Claudio MenesesVector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
Fabiano OliveiraVector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-8038
Naomi AronsonWalter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Joshua R LacsinaVector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. joshua.lacsina@nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9956-8039
Jesus G ValenzuelaVector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. jvalenzuela@niaid.nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-9450
Shaden KamhawiVector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. skamhawi@niaid.nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4304-636X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In Leishmania-endemic areas, humans are constantly exposed to sand fly bites. To explore the immune consequences of this chronic vector exposure, we performed a human challenge study with the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from fifteen healthy volunteers who underwent multiple controlled exposures to sand fly bites. We identified two Lu. longipalpis salivary proteins, LJM19 and LJL143, which elicit type 1 cytokine responses in cells from exposed individuals and which correlate with enhanced killing of Leishmania parasites in co-cultured macrophages. Interestingly, LJM19 also exerts this parasite-killing effect in cells from unexposed individuals, consistent with innate immune activation. In support of this, both LJM19 and LJL143 stimulate the production of the innate cytokines IL-1β and IFN-α. Our results demonstrate that repeated exposure to sand fly bites induces innate and adaptive cytokine responses to vector salivary proteins that can be co-opted to protect humans against Leishmania infection.

Indexed as

Immunity, InnateInsect Bites and StingsLeishmaniaLeishmaniasisPsychodidaeSalivaSalivary Proteins and PeptidesAdultAnimalsCytokinesFemaleHumansInsect ProteinsLeukocytes, MononuclearMacrophagesMaleCytokinesInsect ProteinsSalivary Proteins and Peptides

Identifiers

PMID42086915
PMCPMC13350860

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.