ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026
Traveling-wave transcranial alternating current stimulation (twtACS) causally links neural timing to cognitive function.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Traveling-wave transcranial alternating current stimulation (twtACS) causally links neural timing to cognitive function.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
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12 authors.
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Abstract
Cortical traveling waves (TWs) are brain oscillation patterns that support the transfer of neural information across distinct brain regions, with their direction shaping cognitive function. However, direct evidence for their causal influence on brain dynamics and behavior remains lacking. Here, we establish such a causal link by externally applying TW-like electric field patterns. To achieve this, we develop a noninvasive brain stimulation protocol, traveling-wave transcranial alternating current stimulation (twtACS). twtACS can generate a precise directional electric field that propagates across the cortical surface, which we validate using human intracranial recordings. In monkey recordings, we show that neural spiking was directionally modulated, shifting systematically across space in line with the direction of twtACS. In humans, twtACS led to direction-dependent improvements in cognitive performance. Together, these findings demonstrate that externally imposed TWs can causally shape neural activity and cognition, highlighting the potential of twtACS as a neuromodulation technique for cognitive enhancement.
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