When xenotransplantation enters the conversation: reflections on public involvement in research on a novel and controversial technology.

backgroundXenotransplantation (XT) is being explored as a potential solution to organ shortages. Driven by revived scientific interest, XT has sparked debates that remain ethically charged. While much literature focuses on why community engagement is needed, this paper examines how XT itself reshapes the public involvement. We reflect on collaboration between researchers and public contributors during development of a national survey on UK public attitudes towards XT. Co-written by researchers and contributors, the paper draws on meeting notes and email exchanges to examine how XT shaped group dynamics. MAIN BODY: We argue that XT is not only a biomedical innovation but also a disruptive force in public involvement in research in three ways. First, as a distant prospect, it permits asking philosophical rather than merely practical questions. Second, its scientific uncertainty may unsettle the expert-public divide, fostering shared curiosity and speculation. Third, XT's emergent status makes visible how research may shape what XT becomes. Working on the development of the survey, we were thus not only engaging with XT's content but also reflecting on their role in its unfolding. Our reflections highlight how focus on technologies that remain in exploratory phases can reshape researcher-contributor dynamics by flattening hierarchies. While often framed through technological determinism, XT was instead experienced as contingent, something open to questioning, negotiation, and resistance. Rather than being the sole domain of experts, it appeared amenable to influence through research and public involvement.

conclusionXT, being a novel and controversial technology, unsettles conventional models of public involvement in research, opening new possibilities for participation and challenging assumptions about its purpose and dynamics.