ArticleScientific reports2026
Droplet size distribution characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana bio-pesticide solutions for hydraulic nozzles.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bio-pesticides are currently applied using existing spraying systems, with spray droplet size being a crucial factor influencing canopy penetration, material carrying capacity and the viability of micro-organisms. Hydraulic nozzles atomize spray liquids into droplets ranging from 5 to over 1000 μm in diameter. For effective foliar application, the 100-300 μm droplet size range is recommended a guideline typically followed for chemical-based sprays and now applied to microbial-based bio-pesticide solutions. This study aimed to validate the droplet size distribution for microbial bio-pesticide solutions within this optimal range. Two bio-pesticides, bacterial-based Bacillus thuringiensis (BBP) and fungal-based Beauveria bassiana (FBP), were evaluated. Experiments were conducted using three liquid solutions (water-only, BBP, and FBP), three types of hydraulic nozzles (HCN/PA, HCN/PB, HCN/PC), and four operating pressures (145, 245, 345, and 445 kPa). Droplet size distributions were measured across five size ranges: less than 100 μm, 100-200 μm, 200-300 μm, 300-400 μm, and more than 400 μm using a droplet size analyzer. The focus of the analysis was on the 100-300 μm range, as this is the most effective for crop protection. Nozzle type, operating pressure, and spray solution significantly influenced droplet size distribution (p < 0.001); although reductions of 3.22% for Bacillus thuringiensis and 6.22% for Beauveria bassiana were observed in the biologically optimal 100-300 μm range relative to water, the resulting droplet spectra remained suitable for effective microbial bio-pesticide application. This demonstrates the suitability of bio-pesticide solutions for foliar application using conventional spraying systems, optimizing droplet size for effective pest control.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.