ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2026
Enhanced immunogenicity and dose-sparing efficacy of self-amplifying RNA vaccines against seasonal influenza across subtypes.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Lipid Nanoparticle-Formulated GP5-mRNA Vaccine Induces PRRSV-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in BALB/c Mice.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccines: an overview of immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
31 authors.
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Abstract
Recent clinical data on seasonal influenza mRNA vaccines have demonstrated suboptimal efficacy against the influenza B virus (IBV). We employed sequence optimization strategies that successfully enhanced the antigen expression of hemagglutinin (HA) and developed mRNA vaccine candidates targeting the WHO-recommended strains. When administered at a low dose (0.1 μg), both mono-and trivalent influenza A mRNA vaccines induced robust humoral immunity and conferred complete protection against homologous viral challenge in murine models, outperforming the quadrivalent inactivated vaccine (QIV, 2 μg). In contrast, IBV mRNA vaccines at an equivalent dose failed to elicit detectable antibodies and offered no protection, consistent with prior evidence of suboptimal immunogenicity in human trials. These findings highlight strain-specific immunogenicity constraints inherent to conventional mRNA platforms. To overcome these limitations, we systematically compared three distinct RNA vaccine modalities: (1) nucleoside-modified mRNA, (2) self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), and (3) circular RNA (circRNA). Notably, a single 0.1 µg dose of the trivalent saRNA vaccine elicited robust humoral immunity and provided complete protection against IBV challenge, whereas mRNA vaccination achieved only 14% survival. Importantly, long-term antibody monitoring over 20 weeks showed that saRNA at the low 0.1 μg dose maintained high antibody levels, with a markedly more durable response to IBV antigens than those of other platforms. Moreover, the trivalent mRNA vaccine exhibited a favourable safety profile, with no obvious abnormal body weight changes or serum biochemical abnormalities observed after immunization. Our findings advocate for strain-adaptive platform selection: conventional mRNA for generating rapid, high-magnitude responses against influenza A and next-generation saRNA vaccines for enhanced dose efficiency, particularly against IBV.
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