ArticleZoo biology
The Influence of Zoo Habitat Settings on the Species Diversity and Assemblage of Free-Ranging Animals.
Article in Zoo biology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Zoos worldwide use natural man-made landscapes to enhance visitor experiences while focusing on exhibited animals. These landscapes also attract free-ranging animals. However, the presence of free-ranging animals in zoos has not been thoroughly documented, necessitating further exploration. This study aimed to identify free-ranging mammals and birds in Zoo Melaka, one of Malaysia's oldest zoos with mature natural landscapes and to examine factors influencing their distribution. Point-count observations and cage-trapping were conducted across five zones, recording 11 mammals and 40 bird species. Mammals exhibited a higher Shannon diversity index in closed-enclosure zones (H' = 1.943), although no significant differences were detected between open and closed enclosures (U = 99.5, Z = -0.716, p > 0.1). In contrast, birds showed significantly higher diversity in open enclosures. Overall, enclosure types and habitat zones were significantly correlated with the abundance of free-ranging birds, reflecting the influence of habitat heterogeneity and complexity in providing food and shelter. The presence of several species of conservation concern in the zoo also highlights the role of zoos in supporting biodiversity. These findings indicate that enclosure type, habitat complexity and management strongly shape free-ranging animal communities, with closed enclosures serving as refuges for habitat-sensitive mammals while open enclosures with structurally complex areas favoring birds. Effective management, like control of peri-domestic pest rodents, is crucial to reduce risks particularly zoonotic disease transmission while maintaining balanced and sustainable zoo ecosystems. These results underscore the importance of integrated landscape and enclosure management in promoting the coexistence of free-ranging and captive species in zoo environments.
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