Importation risks and local transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus in Taiwan.

Yi-Chin Fan, Jo-Mei Chen, Chia-Hsin Lin, Yi-Ying Chen, Jia-Syuan Lin, Yuan-Dun Ke, Yao-Tsun Li, Shyan-Song Chiou

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Yi-Chin FanInstitute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100025, Taiwan.

Jo-Mei ChenGraduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., Taichung 402202, Taiwan.

Chia-Hsin LinInstitute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100025, Taiwan.

Yi-Ying ChenGraduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., Taichung 402202, Taiwan.

Jia-Syuan LinGraduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., Taichung 402202, Taiwan.

Yuan-Dun KeInstitute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100025, Taiwan.

Yao-Tsun LiSchool of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Rd., Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.

Shyan-Song ChiouGraduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., Taichung 402202, Taiwan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains a significant threat to the human, horse, and pig industries throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Emerging genotype V and IV JE virus (JEV) can evade vaccine-induced immunity and exacerbate the disease burden after spreading into JE-naïve or epidemic areas through the movement of mosquitoes, pigs, and birds. This study aimed to assess the risk of viral importation into Taiwan by conducting mosquito-based surveillance. Our phylogenetic results revealed that at least six JEV importation events occurred in Taiwan between 1958 and 2024. Over the past 16 years of mosquito-based surveillance, three imported events of two genotype I (GI) subclusters (Sub I and Sub II) were detected and sustained local transmission in Taiwan from the first identification in 2008 and 2009 to 2024, without evidence of repeated importations. We further identified three distinct evolutionary stages of local GI JEVs: (1) an initial decade (2009-2018) characterized by co-circulation of Sub I and Sub II; (2) a reduction in viral population size, a decline in genetic heterogeneity, and the extinction of Sub II after 2018; and (3) emergence of a novel, dominant Sub I-I cluster bearing the

Indexed as

Genetic evolutionImportationJapanese encephalitis virusLocal transmission

Identifiers

PMID42080033

DOI10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101422

PMCPMC13129449

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.