ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Ribosome biogenesis programs define a three-gene RBscore with prognostic relevance in bladder cancer.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer (BLCA) is clinically heterogeneous, and conventional staging does not fully capture individual risk. Ribosome biogenesis (RiBi) is implicated in cancer, but its prognostic relevance in BLCA is not well defined. Methods: Survival-annotated tumor transcriptomes from TCGA-BLCA were analyzed and externally evaluated in GSE13507. Tumor-normal differential expression was intersected with a curated RiBi gene set to prioritize candidates. Cox modeling with machine-learning-based strategy selection yielded a three-gene ribosome biogenesis-related score (RBscore). RBscore was evaluated for overall survival (OS) stratification, independence from clinicopathological variables, and integration with nodal status in a nomogram. Pathway enrichment, immune features, pharmacogenomic associations supported by molecular docking, and somatic mutation and transcription factor (TF) network features were examined. Signature gene expression was assessed in bladder cancer cell lines and paired clinical tissues. PRKDC protein expression was further evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: PIN4, POP4, and PRKDC comprised RBscore, which stratified OS in TCGA-BLCA and remained prognostic in GSE13507. High RBscore tumors were enriched for antigen processing and presentation and ribosome-related programs, and RBscore groups differed in immune contexture. PRKDC expression correlated with immune checkpoint-related genes including CD274, TNFRSF14, and TNFRSF25. Pharmacogenomic analyses nominated candidate compounds, with docking supporting putative binding. TP53 mutations were more frequent in the high-RBscore group. RBscore genes showed tumor-associated dysregulation in cells and tissues. Conclusion: RBscore captures prognostic heterogeneity in BLCA and connects RiBi-associated transcriptional programs with pathway activity, immune contexture, and complementary pharmacogenomic and genomic features, providing a basis for integrative risk assessment and testable hypotheses for downstream validation.
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