ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Research progress in augmentation strategies for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in bladder cancer: from biological determinants to clinical applications.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Urinary protein semi-quantification in immunochemotherapy for bladder cancer: markers of clinical outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Peripheral blood biomarkers in PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy: distinguishing predictive from prognostic biomarkers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of bladder cancer. However, heterogeneous patient responses continue to limit the widespread adoption and overall effectiveness of these therapies. Consequently, identifying strategies to enhance treatment response has become a primary focus of current oncological research. This review summarizes the biological determinants of immune response in bladder cancer, including sex, gut microbiota, molecular subtypes, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, we evaluate key predictive biomarkers for ICI response, such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Synergistic combination strategies-incorporating chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and nanomedicine-are also detailed to provide novel insights into bladder cancer immunotherapy. Ultimately, the systematic elucidation of immune response mechanisms combined with technological innovation will facilitate the optimization of therapeutic strategies, leading to improved clinical outcomes for patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.