ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Discovery of co-stimulatory anti-CD28 VHHs for developing cancer immune therapeutic anti-tumor/CD3/CD28 trispecific T cell engager.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: CD28 is a critical co-stimulatory receptor expressed on T cells. Alongside the T-cell receptor (TCR), it provides a dual-signal requirement that is necessary for the complete activation of T cells. Developing co-stimulatory agonists targeting CD28 therefore represents a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of T cell based anti-tumor immunotherapy. Results: In this study, we isolated 34 VHHs (VHHs) from a phage-display immune library generated using PBMCs of a Bactrian camel immunized with recombinant human CD28 protein. These VHHs bound to cell surface CD28 with EC Discussion: In summary, through an integrated process of affinity screening, functional agonism ranking, and therapeutic efficacy evaluation, we have identified a panel of co-stimulatory anti-CD28 VHHs with strong potential as functional modules in Tri-TCEs for cancer immunotherapy.
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