ArticleEnvironmental health insights2026
Indicator Bacteria-Based Assessment of Microbial Contamination with Wastewater-Agriculture-Health Nexus: Implication for Irrigation Water Safety in Gelan, Ethiopia.
Article in Environmental health insights, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Urban rivers in rapidly urbanizing low-income countries frequently receive untreated wastewater, converting downstream irrigation systems into persistent exposure interfaces within a wastewater-agriculture-health nexus. This study quantified Escherichia coli and total coliform concentrations in irrigation water from 16 sites along the Akaki and Dongora Rivers in Gelan, Ethiopia, over 7 weeks (n = 112) using membrane filtration on CHROMagar™ ECC to assess spatiotemporal fecal contamination loads. Indicator bacteria were detected at all locations, with concentrations routinely surpassing internationally accepted limits for irrigation water by several orders of magnitude. The Escherichia coli concentrations ranged from 1.10 × 10
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