ArticleTherapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy2026
Exploring supplemental immunization strategies to reach zero-dose children in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.
Article in Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Nationwide measles immunization campaigns are resource-intensive yet can fail to reach the same children who are not reached by routine immunization services. Alternative approaches to better reach missed communities and improve efficiency focus on identifying and reaching unvaccinated, "zero-dose" children. Understanding the scope and impact of these strategies can inform approaches to fill immunity gaps and reduce measles disease burden. Objectives: We conducted a scoping review to map the existing literature on supplemental strategies used to reach zero-dose or under-vaccinated children in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs). Eligibility criteria: Our review focused on the "reach" component of the Identify-Reach-Monitor-Measure-Advocate (IRMMA) framework. We included literature describing vaccination interventions for measles-rubella, polio, and the Essential Program on Immunization (EPI) in LLMICs published from 2010 to 2021 in multiple languages. We excluded papers that solely focused on non-selective national vaccination campaigns. Sources of evidence: We searched peer-reviewed databases (PubMed, WorldWideScience, and Scopus) and gray literature in World Health Organization (WHO) regional databases, the WHO Institutional Repository for Information Sharing, and John Snow, Inc. resource libraries. Charting methods: Screening and extraction were conducted in Covidence. We iteratively coded, classified, and analyzed extracted data. Interventions were classified into the IRMMA framework categories: demand generation, human resources, supply chain, and service delivery. Results: Of 9450 articles screened, 185 met criteria for inclusion in the final analytic set. Strategies consisted of enhancements to the routine immunization program, with service delivery being the most frequent, followed by demand generation. Many studies described the integration of multiple strategies, offering opportunities to maximize reach and impact. Conclusion: The vaccination strategies other than campaigns described in this review have been implemented in multiple countries; some demonstrate greater potential to reach zero-dose and under-vaccinated children. In the face of an evolving funding environment, prioritizing interventions that are most likely to reach unvaccinated children is key.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.