ArticleEnvironmental justice (Print)2026
Disinfection Byproducts and Inorganic Contaminants in the U.S. Correctional Facility Public Water Systems.
Article in Environmental justice (Print), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Public drinking water contaminant estimates for birth cohorts in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Few studies have evaluated drinking water contaminants for people incarcerated in the United States. We predicted that community water systems (CWSs) that exclusively serve correctional facilities would report elevated contaminant concentrations compared to all other CWSs. Methods: Concentrations of inorganic contaminants (arsenic, chromium, fluoride, nitrate, uranium) and disinfection byproducts (total trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids) were derived from routine compliance monitoring records in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Six-Year Review database. We evaluated adjusted geometric means and 90th percentile differences of 2017-2019 average concentrations of inorganic contaminants and disinfection byproducts for 194 correctional facility CWSs (serving 437,394 people) and 42,434 other CWSs. We calculated the population served by correctional facility CWSs equal to or exceeding the U.S. EPA's maximum contaminant level nationwide, by region, and by seasonal monitoring periods. Results: In the Southwest, correctional facility CWSs reported higher arsenic concentrations (adjusted geometric mean 2.75 μg/L, 95% CI 1.46, 5.19) compared to all other CWSs (1.06 μg/L, 95% CI 1.03, 1.09; p value < 0.001) and higher adjusted 90th percentile arsenic concentrations. In fall, nationwide adjusted 90th percentile concentrations were higher for total trihalomethanes (difference 15.2 μg/L, 95% CI 11.3, 19.2) and haloacetic acids (12.3 μg/L, 95% CI 10.6, 13.9) in correctional facility CWSs compared with all other CWSs. Conclusions: We identified regional and seasonal inequities in regulated drinking water contaminants impacting people incarcerated in the United States. Comparing our findings to those previously published, inequities in arsenic exposure for people incarcerated in the Southwest have improved since 2006, supporting that regulatory, enforcement, and legal actions have reduced exposures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.