Assessing the Frequency-Dependent Conductivity of Conductive Yarns.

This study investigates the frequency-dependent electrical conductivity of electrically conductive threads (also known as e-threads), particularly focusing on their inherently lower conductivity than traditional conductors like copper. While efforts have been made to electrically characterize conductive threads in the past, most studies have focused on DC or frequencies lower than 1 GHz. Recent works have evaluated attenuation up to 6 GHz, but they do not report bulk conductivity and lack validation in the context of antenna applications. In a major step forward, this study reports a systematic way of characterizing the surface conductivity of conductive yarns, for eight different thread types, from 10 MHz to 6 GHz. Different parameters such as insertion loss, attenuation, and conductivity are reported, determining the suitability of conductive yarns at specific frequencies. The study also reports the first frequency-dependent bulk conductivity of individual conductive threads. By measuring both surface and bulk conductivity, our work provides foundational data crucial for designing textile-based antennas and sensors. The practical relevance of the proposed approach is demonstrated through simulations and measurements of a broadband log-spiral antenna and a single-turn loop antenna. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the integration of e-textiles in smart fabric applications, paving the way for further innovations in this evolving field.