Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42076406›Full record

ReviewSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Three-Dimensional Surveying with Optical Sensors in Heritage Science: A Review.

Emma Vannini, Alice Dal Fovo, Raffaella Fontana

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Emma VanniniNational Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Tuscany, Italy.ORCID 0009-0009-5575-3679
Alice Dal FovoNational Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Tuscany, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-7960-2546
Raffaella FontanaNational Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Tuscany, Italy.

Funding

PNRR H2IOSC (Humanities and Cultural Heritage Italian Open Science Cloud) Project (IR0000029), CUP_B63C22000730005, funded by Next Generation E IR0000029PRIN-PNRR AIPAD (Artificial Intelligence and Physics for Art Diagnostics) Project (P2022SFEPN), CUP_B53D23029240001, funded by the European Union - Next Generation EU M4.C2.1.1 P2022SFEPN
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most adopted 3D surveying techniques in Cultural Heritage, offering practical guidance for the selection of appropriate methods when three-dimensional documentation of artworks is required. The analysis focuses on the most effective technologies for the 3D documentation of sites and objects of artistic value, with selection criteria primarily centred on non-invasiveness, given the uniqueness and cultural significance of the case studies, and the instrument flexibility, a crucial requirement for non-transportable items. A broad spectrum of 3D techniques is currently available for the multiscale diagnostic investigation of artworks, providing information at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. This review reports on the state of the art of such systems and evaluates the main characteristics of each technology in relation to its applicability in the heritage field. Particular attention is given to highlighting advantages and limitations, and to assessing performance in terms of resolution, gauge volume/area, acquisition time, and cost. In addition, the review discusses exemplary cases in which 3D methods are integrated with other analytical techniques to enable a more comprehensive understanding of the object under investigation. Finally, recent studies are examined to identify the most suitable approaches and the specific requirements for the digitization of real-world heritage assets.

Indexed as

3D modellingcultural heritagenon-contact systemsoptical sensors

Identifiers

PMID42076406
PMCPMC13120460

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.