ArticlePolymers2026
Experimental and Finite Element Investigation of Bolted Connections in GFRP Composite Cross-Arms for Energy Distribution Towers.
Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study investigates bolted connections in open-section glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite cross-arms for 34.5 kV energy distribution towers. Six GFRP angle sections (L50 × 5 to L120 × 12) were tested under tensile loading using a constant edge distance-to-bolt diameter ratio (e/d = 5), and the connection performance was evaluated based on general maximum and deformation-based criteria (4% and 1 mm hole elongation). Connection capacities ranged from 14.65 to 36.68 kN for single-bolt configurations. Results from multi-bolt connections tests indicated strong influence of bolt layout on connection performance. The highest load capacities of 46.45 kN and 45.93 kN were obtained, respectively, with the two-row bolt configuration and staggered configuration. Comparison of the measured load capacities with ASCE/SEI 74-23 predictions revealed significant discrepancies depending on the assumed failure mode of the connection. A simplified finite element model was developed to predict load-displacement response, capturing initial stiffness and overall trends with reasonable agreement, particularly for connections exhibiting similar failure modes. The findings provide a reliable basis for selecting appropriate bolted connection details in open-section GFRP cross-arm systems.
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