ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2026
Urban Environmental Determinants and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Emergency Medical Service Response to Traumatic Injuries: A Five-Year Population-Based Study.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTimely prehospital management is critical for survival after traumatic injury. In rapidly growing metropolises, emergency medical service (EMS) systems often struggle to provide equitable care amid urban sprawl and traffic congestion. This study investigated spatiotemporal inequalities in trauma-related EMS response in a rapidly expanding capital city (Astana, Kazakhstan) to inform healthcare optimization and urban health equity.
methodsWe analyzed a five-year population-based dataset of 26,073 trauma-related EMS calls recorded between 2020 and 2024. Spatial patterns were examined using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and Getis-Ord Gi* hotspot analysis. Road-network modeling assessed accessibility at 3, 5, and 10 min thresholds using a GIS-based network analyst framework.
resultsMales accounted for 60.1% of utilization and had higher clinical severity (hospitalization rate: 45.5% vs. 40.3%,
conclusionsThe findings demonstrate that while the EMS system provides broad geographic coverage, it suffers from systemic spatiotemporal bottlenecks. Targeted infrastructure expansion in underserved peripheral districts and the implementation of dynamic deployment models are necessary to enhance urban health equity and reduce preventable mortality in expanding metropolitan areas.
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