ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
From Luminal to Triple Negative: 3D Spheroids Reveal Molecular and Phenotypic Differences Across Breast Cancer Subtypes.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Breast cancer is classified into distinct molecular subtypes, including Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, Basal-like, and Claudin-low. While traditional studies mostly use 2D cell cultures, 3D models better mimic in vivo tumor conditions. In this study, we generated and characterized 3D spheroids from breast cancer cell lines representing different molecular subtypes. Morphologically, spheroids were either compact (MCF-7/AZ, T47D, BT474, MDA-IBC-3, BT-20, SUM149PT) or loosely adhered (MDA-MB-468, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231), while retaining key parental subtype biomarkers. Cell viability decreased with increasing spheroid size, but apoptotic cCasp3 staining was restricted to Basal-like spheroids. Compact spheroids expressed E- and/or P-cadherin, indicating epithelial or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) hybrid traits, while loose spheroids showed vimentin expression linked to a mesenchymal phenotype. In conclusion, EMT-associated features, rather than intrinsic molecular subtype, may contribute to 3D spheroid architecture of breast cancer cell lines.
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