ArticleChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Caregivers' Baseline Mental Health Problems and Early Childhood Social Skills at One-Year Follow-Up in an Urban Area of Indonesia.
Article in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesSocial development in children is a significant aspect that supports appropriate behavior in the community, and parents, as the main caregivers, play a central role in developing social skills in children. However, caregivers experiencing mental health problems-such as depression, anxiety, and stress-may find it challenging to provide a nurturing rearing environment. This one-year follow-up study examined whether the baseline mental health of caregivers was associated with social skills in children 1 year later in an urban Indonesian context.
methodsA one-year follow-up study was conducted in an urban area of Indonesia in 2023-2024, inviting all nine kindergartens in the area to participate. Caregivers completed the demographic questionnaire and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), while teachers assessed social skills in children using the Social Skills Scale (SSS). Linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts for kindergarten were estimated to account for clustering.
resultsFinally, a total of 270 parent-child dyads were included. After adjusting for baseline social skills and covariates, higher levels of baseline caregiver depression (B = -0.15,
conclusionsEven subclinical variations in caregiver mental health problems may be meaningfully associated with social development in children over time. The findings highlight mental health in caregivers as a potentially important factor associated with early social development in an urban setting of Indonesia.
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