Intrinsic Cause-Effect Power: The Tradeoff Between Differentiation and Specification.

William G P Mayner, William Marshall, Giulio Tononi

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

William G P MaynerDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9737-6260

William MarshallDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.

Giulio TononiDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.

Funding

David P. White Chair in Sleep Medicine at the University of Wisconsin-Madison N/ANatural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada RGPIN-2019-05418

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Integrated information theory (IIT) starts from the existence of consciousness and characterizes its essential properties: every experience is intrinsic, specific, unitary, definite, and structured. IIT then formulates existence and its essential properties operationally in terms of cause-effect power of a substrate of units. Here, we address IIT's operational requirements for existence by considering that, to have cause-effect power, to have it intrinsically, and to have it specifically, substrate units in their actual state must both (

Indexed as

complexityconsciousnessdifferentiationintegrated informationintrinsicintrinsic specification

Identifiers

PMID42072535

DOI10.3390/e28040410

PMCPMC13114617

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.