Efficient and Dynamically Consistent Joint Torque Estimation for Wearable Neurotechnology via Knowledge Distillation.

Wearable neurotechnology depends critically on continuous movement monitoring to characterize motor impairment and recovery in real-world settings. While joint torque serves as a clinically essential kinetic marker, estimating it directly on-device from inertial signals remains challenging due to stringent computational, memory, and energy constraints. Lightweight pipelines typically omit computationally expensive time-frequency processing; however, this omission degrades the observability of dynamics encoded in 1D IMU signals and diminishes the effectiveness of standard knowledge distillation strategies. To enable reliable on-device torque inference, we propose a Physically Guided Dual-Consistency Knowledge Distillation (PDC-KD) framework that explicitly integrates biomechanical priors into the learning process through two collaborative pathways: parameter-manifold alignment and physics-guided compensation. The student network receives guidance through Fisher-information-weighted parameter transfer, ensuring robust knowledge distillation despite significant model capacity mismatch. Furthermore, the framework incorporates a physics-guided regularization term that enforces dynamically consistent torque trajectories via a numerically stable Cholesky-parameterized constraint. Experiments demonstrate that the student model preserves teacher-level predictive accuracy while operating within the stringent resource constraints of edge devices (achieving a 98% parameter reduction, ∼2× faster inference, and ∼1 ms latency). Moreover, the proposed method yields torque estimates with enhanced dynamical consistency, providing an efficient biosignal-processing solution for wearable neurotechnology platforms demanding real-time movement analytics.