Telemedicine and 5G Technologies: A Systematic Global Review of Applications over the Past Decade.

This systematic review analyzes how the introduction and progressive deployment of 5G networks have influenced the evolution of telemedicine between 2014 and 2024, focusing on their impact on performance, accessibility, and the feasibility of advanced clinical applications across the pre-COVID-19, COVID-19, and post-COVID-19 periods. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and included publications retrieved from SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science using a PICO-based search strategy. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and extracted data included clinical parameters, network characteristics such as bandwidth and latency, geographic setting, and type of telemedicine service. A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria, with most published between 2020 and 2024. The most frequently reported applications were telediagnosis, particularly robotic ultrasound, followed by telesurgery and teleconsultation. The low latency enabled by 5G networks supported complex telesurgical procedures over distances exceeding 5000 km, while in ultra-remote areas, hybrid solutions combining 5G and fiber-optic networks were often adopted to ensure stable connections. The integration of robotic platforms and AI-based tools further enhanced the precision and reliability of remote procedures. Overall, 5G technology has significantly advanced telemedicine by enabling real-time, high-quality care over long distances, improving access to specialist services and supporting more equitable and efficient digital healthcare delivery, particularly in underserved regions.