ArticleBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2026
A Multi-Channel AM-TMAS Driving System Based on Amplitude-Modulated Sine Waves.
Article in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Selectively modulating specific brain-rhythm bands with physical stimuli helps both to reveal neural mechanisms and to provide non-pharmacological treatment avenues for brain disorders. This study proposes and implements a multi-channel transcranial magneto-acoustic stimulation driving system based on amplitude-modulated (AM) sine waves (AM-TMAS) intended to supply a reliable hardware platform for noninvasive, focal low-frequency rhythmic electrical stimulation of deep-brain structures. The driving system implements a 64-channel AM module based on an FPGA plus high-speed DACs. Multi-channel precision is achieved via a unified high-speed clock and a global UPDATE trigger. To overcome the large separation between envelope and carrier frequencies, we developed a high-fidelity AM waveform generation method based on DDS + LUT + envelope multiplication. The algorithm first centers the carrier samples to preserve waveform symmetry, then applies LUT-based envelope coefficients and fixed-point envelope multiplication, enabling high-precision AM outputs with carrier frequencies from 100 kHz to 2 MHz and envelope frequencies from 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz. We tested the system's rhythmic multi-channel AM output performance across frequencies and also measured magneto-acoustic-coupled rhythmic electrical signals produced by the AM-TMAS driving setup. Any single channel reliably produced high-fidelity AM waveforms with a 500 kHz carrier and 8 Hz/40 Hz envelopes; the measured carrier was 499.998 kHz with excellent frequency stability. Both envelope and carrier frequencies are flexibly tunable. At the nominal 500 kHz carrier, envelope fidelity was further quantified: the extracted envelopes achieved NRMSEs of 1.0795% (8 Hz) and 1.9212% (40 Hz), confirming high-fidelity AM synthesis. Under a 0.3 T static magnetic field, the AM-TMAS driving system generated rhythmic electrical responses in physiological saline that carried the expected 40 Hz envelope. The proposed AM-TMAS driver achieves high accuracy in AM waveform generation and robust multi-channel performance, and-when combined with an external static magnetic field-can produce rhythmically modulated magneto-acoustic electrical stimulation. This platform provides a practical technical tool for brain-function research and the development of rhythm-targeted neuromodulation therapies.
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