Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42071128›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Race and Sex Concordance Between Players and Team Physicians in U.S. Women's Professional Leagues.

Joseph Ekpo, Savannah Mbamo, David Ekpo

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Joseph EkpoUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. josephekpo@ucsb.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7036-8462
Savannah MbamoUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
David EkpoUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Patient-physician demographic concordance has been associated with improved communication, trust, and care experiences for minoritized patient populations, yet the demographic composition of team physicians in U.S. women's professional sports has not been evaluated. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate racial, sex, and intersectional concordance between players and team physicians in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). Official league rosters and publicly available online sources were used to identify players and team physicians, and race and sex were independently classified by multiple reviewers. Descriptive statistics summarized player and physician demographics, and chi-square tests compared racial distributions by league. Intersectional representation was assessed by quantifying Black women among team physicians. We identified 162 WNBA players, 380 NWSL players, 39 WNBA physicians, and 51 NWSL physicians. In the WNBA, 69.1% of players versus 28.2% of physicians were Black, with 64.1% of physicians White. In the NWSL, 67.1% of players versus 82.4% of physicians were White, and 18.4% of players versus 5.9% of physicians were Black. Racial distributions differed significantly between players and physicians in both leagues (p < .01). Men comprised most team physicians (53.8% in the WNBA; 68.6% in the NWSL), and only five Black women were identified across all team physician roles. These findings demonstrate substantial racial, sex, and intersectional discordance between female professional athletes and their physicians, underscoring persistent gaps in workforce diversity that may have implications for athlete care.

Indexed as

Health equityIntersectional representationRacial concordanceSex concordanceSports medicine

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.