ReviewDiscover oncology2026
Molecular mechanisms and clinical impacts of sex differences in urologic cancers.
Review in Discover oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Urological cancers exhibit significant sex differences in incidence, treatment response, and prognosis, with males generally showing higher morbidity and mortality. This review systematically summarizes the underlying molecular and clinical mechanisms of these disparities, focusing on sex hormones, chromosome biology, tumor immune microenvironment, and microbiota. Sex hormones modulate key tumor processes including proliferation, apoptosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and DNA repair. Genetic factors such as X chromosome inactivation escape genes and Y chromosome loss also contribute to sex-biased cancer susceptibility. Furthermore, sex-specific differences in the urinary system and gut microbiota influence local immunity and inflammation, thereby affecting tumor progression and therapeutic response. Lifestyle and environmental factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, and occupational exposures, further exacerbate these disparities. Clinically, sex differences impact the efficacy of immunotherapy and targeted therapies, underscoring the need for sex-informed treatment strategies. Integrating sex as a biological variable in research, clinical practice, and public health policies is essential for advancing precision oncology in urologic cancers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.