Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42069961›Full record

ArticleNPJ digital medicine2026

Shared decision making using augmented reality a multicentre pilot randomised controlled trial in orthognathic surgery.

S J C Sander Tabernée Heijtmeijer, N Noa Nicolai, N G Nard Janssen, J Joël Kortes, B Behrus Hinrichs-Puladi, A Ashkan Rashad, O Oliver Vladu, P A J Peter Pijpker, M J H Max Witjes, S E C Sarina Pichardo and 1 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ digital medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06140043 (Augmented Reality for Orthognatic Surgery Patient Education), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06140043 phase2 / phase3completednot on this map

Augmented Reality for Orthognatic Surgery Patient Education

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity Medical Center GroningenRan2023 to 2024Enrolled60ConditionsMalocclusion, Dentofacial Deformities, Patient Satisfaction, Informed ConsentArmsPatient consultation
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

S J C Sander Tabernée HeijtmeijerDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. s.j.c.tabernee.heijtmeijer@umcg.nl.
N Noa NicolaiDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
N G Nard JanssenDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
J Joël KortesDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
B Behrus Hinrichs-PuladiDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen, Germany.
A Ashkan RashadDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen, Germany.
O Oliver VladuDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Aachen, Germany.
P A J Peter Pijpker3D Lab, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
M J H Max WitjesDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
S E C Sarina PichardoDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
J Joep KraeimaDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Effective patient education is critical for informed consent. Augmented Reality (AR) offers a novel approach to improving patient understanding and satisfaction, although current evidence is limited and of low quality. This study evaluated the added value of AR compared to traditional monitor-based 3D models for patient education and decision making for orthognathic surgery. A multicentre randomised controlled trial was conducted between August 2023 and June 2024 at three university medical centres in north-west Europe. Sixty referred patients were randomised to either the intervention group or the control group. Patient satisfaction and knowledge were assessed using two questionnaires. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov(NCT06140043). Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the control group (p = 0.04). No significant differences were found in knowledge acquisition (p = 0.74). Women showed a significant preference for the monitor-based consultation (p = 0.01), while men did not show a significant difference in satisfaction. Despite some centre heterogeneity, no clear added benefit of AR in satisfaction or knowledge was visible. Observed effect sizes (d = 0.76) and post-hoc power estimates (84%) are provided for context but should be interpreted cautiously. In the absence of clear evidence a monitor remain the most practical option for patient education.

Identifiers

PMID42069961
PMCPMC13341775

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.