ArticleNPJ vaccines2026
Superior protection against tuberculosis using heterologous mRNA nanoadjuvant vaccines.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antigen 85B ofVaccines · 2026Review
- A Novel Effective Nanoadjuvant System for Poultry Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat, underscoring the need for vaccines that surpass BCG efficacy. We developed QTAP-R, a novel mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine encoding Ag85B, Hsp70, and ESAT-6, to enhance immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. QTAP efficiently encapsulated and delivered mRNA with high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity. In C57BL/6 mice, QTAP-R induced strong antigen-specific IgG and T-cell responses, including elevated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ activation and increased polyfunctional cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-17A). When combined with BCG (BCG + QTAP-R), the vaccine elicited enhanced immune memory, reduced bacterial burden in lungs and spleen, and minimized lung pathology following M. tuberculosis challenge. Subcutaneous QTAP-R (QTAP-SQ) provided partial protection under high-dose challenge, outperforming intranasal delivery. Transcriptomic profiling revealed upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-12) and chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10), indicating enhanced immune recruitment and activation. CD4⁺ T-cell depletion abolished protection, confirming their critical role in QTAP-R-mediated immunity. Overall, QTAP-R demonstrates potent immunogenicity and synergistic efficacy with BCG, positioning it as a promising mRNA-based TB vaccine candidate.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.