ArticleBMC primary care2026
Prevalence and clinical correlates of hypertension among patients with type 2 diabetes in Spanish primary care: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC primary care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundHypertension is common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and represents a major contributor to cardiovascular and renal morbidity. Real-world data from primary care are essential to characterise associated clinical profiles and cardiometabolic multimorbidity patterns in routine clinical practice.
objectiveTo assess the prevalence of hypertension among patients with T2DM managed in primary care, to characterise associated clinical profiles, and to explore sex-related differences using real-world data.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted including 680 adults with T2DM receiving routine care in primary care settings. Clinical, sociodemographic and laboratory data were obtained from electronic health records, direct clinical assessment, and structured patient interviews. Hypertension was defined as a previously recorded clinical diagnosis, current antihypertensive treatment, or blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg. Comparisons were performed according to sex. Factors independently associated with hypertension were analysed using bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, duration of T2DM, pharmacologically treated dyslipidaemia, and established cardiovascular disease.
resultsThe mean age of participants was 69.8 ± 13.3 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 9.9 ± 4.6 years; 52.1% were men. Overall hypertension prevalence was 84.3%, with no significant difference between men (85.9%) and women (82.5%). Hypertension prevalence increased with age in both sexes. Women had lower educational and socioeconomic levels, higher abdominal obesity, and higher lipid concentrations, whereas men showed higher fasting glucose, serum creatinine, and markers of renal damage. In multivariable analysis, hypertension was independently associated with older age (OR 1.04 per year; 95% CI 1.02-1.06), pharmacologically treated dyslipidaemia (OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.17-2.86), established cardiovascular disease (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.16-3.55), and longer duration of T2DM (OR 1.06 per year; 95% CI 1.00-1.12). Sex was not independently associated with hypertension after adjustment.
conclusionsHypertension was common among patients with T2DM in primary care and was associated with older age, longer diabetes duration, and established cardiovascular disease. Sex-related differences in clinical profiles were observed but should be interpreted as descriptive. This cross-sectional secondary analysis has limitations, including the lack of blood pressure control data and the potential for residual confounding.
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