ArticleBMC oral health2026
Oral health payment systems around the world: structures, challenges, and trends, a scoping review.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Latent profile analysis of oral health self-efficacy in maintenance hemodialysis patients and its impact on oral health.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe prevalence of dental and oral diseases is increasing globally, yet the utilization of dental services has not shown a corresponding rise. Cost remains a major barrier, as dental care ranks among the four most expensive health services globally. These costs are shaped by each country's health payment system, which plays a critical role in determining access to healthcare. This scoping review aims to map the existing evidence on oral health payment systems and examine how these systems influence access, utilization, equity, and financial protection in different settings.
methodsA scoping review was conducted of articles published between 2018 and 2025 that examined payment systems for oral health services. Literature searches were performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect.
resultsEleven eligible articles revealed two main types of payment systems: insurance-based and non-insurance-based systems. Insurance models included capitation, global budgets, and reimbursement schemes, whereas non-insurance models relied on out-of-pocket or fee-for-service (FFS) payments. The FFS approach, commonly used in countries such as Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, and Cameroon, imposed significant financial strain on patients. Insurance systems combining public and private schemes were implemented in multiple countries, including the United States, Saudi Arabia, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Scotland, Spain, France, Germany, Romania, and Indonesia. Service coverage varied by country; for instance, government insurance in the Netherlands excluded dental care. Capitation for preventive services has been implemented in Sweden, Australia, and Indonesia. Cameroon did not have a national health insurance system (NHI). Moreover, the Netherlands and Spain had NHIs that did not cover dental health services.
conclusionNo single dental health financing model is universally applicable, as its effectiveness depends on government policies and local contexts. Payment systems should be designed to increase access and alleviate the financial burdens of low-income populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.