ArticleBiotechnologia2026
Effect of PEI25k/DOTAP/cholesterol liposomal formulation on the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-encoding DNA vaccine.
Article in Biotechnologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the need to upgrade vaccine strategies. DNA vaccines are advantageous because of their stability and ease of large-scale production; however, they often require adjuvants to boost immune response. Liposomal adjuvants have emerged as effective immune response enhancers, offering efficient delivery and compatibility with biological systems. This study evaluated the immune response induced by a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein-encoding DNA vaccine formulated with various liposome adjuvants in mice. Materials and methods: The interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression levels were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Flow cytometry was conducted to characterize leukocyte populations and assess immune activation status. Five target cell surface markers were analyzed in this study: CD4 Result: Among the tested formulations, the PEI25k : DOTAP : cholesterol (2 : 1 : 1) combination showed the most significant immunostimulatory effect. This formulation induced the lowest expression levels of IL-6 (0.17 ± 0.01) and TNF-α (0.25 ± 0.01) mRNAs in the treatment groups; furthermore, flow cytometry revealed robust activation of both adaptive and innate immune subsets, with an increase in CD4 Conclusions: The PEI25k : DOTAP : cholesterol (2 : 1 : 1) formulation has high potential as a liposome-based adjuvant for enhancing the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. The findings of this study support its suitability for further development as a potential adjuvant candidate, particularly for improving DNA vaccine delivery and immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2.
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