ReviewJournal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFP
Role of inflammatory markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma - A prognostic systematic literature review with emphasis on gingival squamous cell carcinoma.
Review in Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFP. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gingival squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) is a rare subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), often mimicking benign or inflammatory lesions, which complicates early diagnosis. Chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in oral carcinogenesis, yet its molecular implications in GSCC remain underexplored. This Prognostic Systematic Literature Review (SLR) presents a case-based review of GSCC and evaluates the immunohistochemical expression of key inflammatory markers - COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB, VEGF, iNOS, Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and HDAC6 - in OSCC to assess their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic relevance. Literature search was done (1999-2025) across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar to identify studies on biomarker analysis in histopathologically confirmed cases of OSCC. Data extraction focused on clinical presentation, tumour grade, invasion, metastasis, and survival. Study quality was assessed using NOS and JBI tools. From 1055 screened records,18 studies met inclusion criteria. GSCC is often masqueraded as desquamative gingivitis or periodontal abscess, causing diagnostic delays. Immunohistochemistry revealed frequent overexpression of COX-2, TNF-α, VEGF, and Bcl-2, correlating with tumour aggressiveness, angiogenesis, higher histological grade, and poor prognosis. Temporal trends indicate a shift from apoptotic dysregulation to cytokine-driven inflammatory phenotypes as key drivers of OSCC progression. To Conclude, GSCC requires high clinical vigilance due to its deceptive presentation. Biomarkers such as COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB, and VEGF provide critical prognostic and therapeutic insights, emphasising the role of inflammation in tumour progression and supporting biomarker-guided early detection strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.