ArticleCirculation. Population health and outcomes2026
Association Between Discrimination in Health Care and ASCVD Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States.
Article in Circulation. Population health and outcomes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDiscrimination in health care can influence patient behavior and potentially lead to poor quality care. When patients perceive discrimination, they may disengage from health care, have heightened stress, and identify biased treatment practices. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a condition that requires adequate disease prevention. Our objective is to assess the association between discrimination in health care and ASCVD risk.
methodsWe examined data from adults aged 50 to 90 years enrolled in the 2008 to 2020 waves of the Health and Retirement Study who were followed for up to 12 years. Participants reported how frequently they perceived receiving poorer treatment than other people from doctors or hospitals; we characterized this as discrimination. Nonfatal ASCVD events were ascertained from dates of a doctor-diagnosed myocardial infarction or stroke during follow-up. Cox models were used to estimate hazards of ASCVD outcomes with experiencing discrimination using propensity score weights to adjust for confounding. Models included covariate adjustment, and differences by sex, race, and ethnicity were examined.
resultsOf the 17 632 study participants (mean age: 65.86, 41.97% male), 3347 (18.9%) reported discrimination in health care at baseline, and 1785 (10.1%) had an ASCVD event over 10 years of follow-up. Among those who did not have an event, 2983 (18.82%) reported discrimination, and among those who had an event, 364 (20.39%) reported discrimination. Discrimination was associated with higher risks of nonfatal ASCVD within the first 2-years of follow-up (hazard ratio [HR], 1.54 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24-1.91]) and was partially attenuated after 5 years (HR, 1.29 [CI, 1.11-1.50]) and 10 years (HR, 1.27 [CI, 1.10-1.46]). The associations remained largely unchanged after covariate adjustments (2-year HR, 1.44 [CI, 1.16-1.80]; 5-year HR, 1.24 [CI, 1.06-1.44]; 10-year HR, 1.23 [CI, 1.10-1.46]).
conclusionsDiscrimination in health care was associated with increased risks of nonfatal ASCVD in middle-aged and older adults. The risks persisted over time and suggest that discrimination is an important factor to consider for the prevention of ASCVD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.