Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42063316›Full record

SynthesisAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2026

Association between proximity to a lead-releasing facility and cognition in diverse cohorts.

Scarlet Cockell, Kelly M Bakulski, Ai-Lin Tsai, Yike Liu, Amanda J Goodrich, Chinomnso N Okorie, Stacey Alexeeff, Rachel A Whitmer, Paola Gilsanz, Kathryn C Conlon

Abstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Exposure to lead and incidence of Alzheimer's disease and all-cause dementia in the United States.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Scarlet CockellDepartment of Epidemiology School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Kelly M BakulskiDepartment of Epidemiology School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Ai-Lin TsaiDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California, USA.
Yike LiuDepartment of Epidemiology School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Amanda J GoodrichDepartment of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
Chinomnso N OkorieDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California, USA.
Stacey AlexeeffDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California, USA.
Rachel A WhitmerDepartment of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
Paola GilsanzDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California, USA.
Kathryn C ConlonDepartment of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.

Funding

Lifecourse health, cerebral pathology and ethnic disparities in dementiaRF1AG052132 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI DECARLI, CHARLES, GLYMOUR, MEDELLENA MARIA · 2016 to 2016
$13.1M
Extreme weather-related events and environmental exposures in the risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementiasR01AG074347 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI Kathryn C Conlon · 2022 to 2026
$3.8M
Early Vascular Contributions to Dementia Risk in African-AmericansRF1AG050782 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI WHITMER, RACHEL A · 2017 to 2017
$3.8M
Lifecourse exposure to community violence and risk of cognitive decline, Alzheimer's Disease, and related dementias among African-AmericansR01AG067525 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI KO, MICHELLE JASSMINE · 2020 to 2024
$2.3M
NIA NIH HHS R01‐1AG067525NIA NIH HHS R01 AG067525NIA NIH HHS R01 AG074347NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG050782NIA NIH HHS RF1AG050782NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG052132NIA NIH HHS RF1AG052132
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe associations between adult lead exposure and late-life cognition are largely unknown.

methodsIn two cohorts, Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE, n = 1638) and Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR, n = 741), we assessed residential proximity to lead-releasing facilities for association with domain-specific cognition 2 years later. Linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, marital status, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. We meta-analyzed across cohorts.

resultsAverage age was 76.1 (KHANDLE), 68.8 years (STAR); average residential distance to a lead facility was 8.2 km (KHANDLE), 3.6 km (STAR). In meta-analysis, for every 5 km closer a residence was located to a lead-releasing facility, episodic memory scores 2 years later were -0.05 (95% confidence interval: -0.08, -0.02) standard deviation lower. DISCUSSION: Residential proximity to a lead-releasing facility was associated with poorer cognition 2 years later among adults in two cohorts.

Indexed as

CognitionEnvironmental ExposureLeadAgedAged, 80 and overBlack or African AmericanCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleLeadcognitioncohortdementiaenvironmental exposuresepidemiologyindustrial pollutionlead

Identifiers

PMID42063316
PMCPMC13133548

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.