Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42063112›Full record

ArticleStem cell research & therapy2026

Functional development of photoreceptors in human retinal organoids.

Yue Zhang, Mingxia Du, Yi-Han Wang, Min Li, Kangxin Jin, Deng Pan, Xiao Zhang, Zi-Bing Jin

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Stem cell research & therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Yue Zhang *Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Ophthalmic Cell and Gene Therapy, Beijing, 100008, China.
Mingxia Du *Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Ophthalmic Cell and Gene Therapy, Beijing, 100008, China.
Yi-Han WangBeijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Ophthalmic Cell and Gene Therapy, Beijing, 100008, China.
Min LiBeijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Ophthalmic Cell and Gene Therapy, Beijing, 100008, China.
Kangxin JinBeijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Ophthalmic Cell and Gene Therapy, Beijing, 100008, China.
Deng PanBeijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Ophthalmic Cell and Gene Therapy, Beijing, 100008, China.
Xiao ZhangBeijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Ophthalmic Cell and Gene Therapy, Beijing, 100008, China. zhang_xiao@mail.ccmu.edu.cn.
Zi-Bing JinBeijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Ophthalmic Cell and Gene Therapy, Beijing, 100008, China. jinzb502@ccmu.edu.cn.

Funding

Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support DFL20220202Beijing Municipal Public Welfare Development and Reform Pilot Project for Medical Research Institutes JYY2023-6Beijing Municipal Public Welfare Development and Reform Pilot Project for Medical Research Institutes PWD&RPP-MRIBeijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission Z231100007223005Beijing Natural Science Foundation Z200014Excellent Clinical Research Program BRWEP2024W172050100National Natural Science Foundation of China 82125007National Natural Science Foundation of China 82201225
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRetinal organoids (ROs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells are crucial for modeling retinal development and disease. However, the functional electrophysiological maturation of photoreceptors within ROs remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to define the functional maturation timeline of photoreceptors in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived ROs.

methodsH9 hESC-derived ROs which included a CRX-tdTomato reporter line for specific photoreceptor identification were utilized. An integrated approach of RNA-sequencing analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings was employed to systematically assess photoreceptor maturation over 300 days of differentiation.

resultsTranscriptional and protein analysis revealed progressive upregulation of key ion channels. Patch-clamp recordings demonstrated stage-dependent maturation of membrane properties, which stabilized by D120-125. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel-mediated currents (I

conclusionsThis study defines a comprehensive electrophysiological maturation timeline for photoreceptors in human ROs and establishes D240 as a key benchmark for functional maturity, characterized by peak I

Indexed as

OrganoidsPhotoreceptor CellsRetinaAction PotentialsCell DifferentiationHuman Embryonic Stem CellsHumansPatch-Clamp TechniqueshESCIon channelPhotoreceptorRetinal organoidsWhole-cell patch-clamp

Identifiers

PMID42063112
PMCPMC13277147

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.