ArticleGenome medicine2026
Integrative multi-omics profiling reveals distinct evolutionary and immunogenic features of brain oligometastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.
Article in Genome medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEmerging evidence has demonstrated that lung cancer patients with brain oligometastases (oligo-BMs) could benefit from local radical therapies. Despite rapid advancements in the treatment of oligometastatic disease, the molecular determinants governing the oligometastatic phenotype in the central nervous system remain elusive.
methodsWe performed 1021-panel sequencing, transcriptome profiling, DNA methylation mapping, and multiplex immunohistochemistry on 20 paired primary lung adenocarcinoma and oligo-BMs specimens to delineate their evolutionary dynamics and microenvironmental characteristics.
resultsA pronounced intertumor heterogeneity was observed between primary tumors (PTs) and oligo-BMs, while intratumoral heterogeneity was conserved across lesions. Subclonal analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated that oligo-BMs exhibited predominant polyclonal seeding patterns and parallel progression trajectories. Moreover, oligo-BMs displayed a more immunosuppressed microenvironment compared to PTs, characterized by attenuated immunogenic cell death signatures, downregulation of immune-activated pathways, and diminished infiltration of activated immune cells (including B cells, NK cells, and Th1 cells). The methylation levels at functional genomic regions were highly concordant between PTs and oligo-BMs. Notably, we identified NLGN1 as a potential regulator of oligo-BM, where the hypermethylation at its genebody regions was mechanistically associated with transcriptional upregulation. Clinical validation revealed that NLGN1 was specifically overexpressed in BMs compared to PTs and extracranial metastases, correlating with advanced pathological stages and poor prognosis. In vivo studies further confirmed NLGN1 promotes BM in mice.
conclusionsOur findings provide novel insights into the evolutionary trajectory, immune landscape and methylation pattern of oligo-BMs, potentially paving the way for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for lung cancer patients with oligo-BMs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.