Observational studyBMC emergency medicine2026
Impact of automated dispensing cabinets on medication administration efficiency in the emergency department.
Observational study in BMC emergency medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundTimely medication administration in emergency departments (EDs) is essential for optimal patient outcomes. Automated Dispensing Cabinets (ADCs) may improve point-of-care medication access, yet their impact on administration timeliness is uncertain in ED settings.
objectiveTo evaluate the association between ADC implementation and the timeliness of stat medication administration in a high-volume ED in Taiwan.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study analyzing 16,450 adult ED visits from July-August 2019 (pre-ADC) and July-August 2020 (post-ADC). Order-to-administration (OTA) times for stat medications were compared. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses evaluated the association between ADC implementation and timely medication delivery. Sensitivity analyses, including a difference-in-differences model and survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable Cox regression, were performed to evaluate the robustness of findings.
resultsAfter adjusting for potential confounders, ADC implementation was independently associated with higher odds of achieving OTA times ≤ 30 min (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-1.78). Linear regression showed a mean reduction in OTA time of 3.09 min per prescription (β = - 3.09; 95% CI, - 3.58 to - 2.60). Subgroup analyses showed that ADC implementation was associated with higher odds of achieving OTA ≤ 30 min and shorter OTA times for antibiotics (aOR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.54-3.12; β = - 4.99; 95% CI, - 7.03 to - 2.94), as well as during daytime (aOR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.58-2.21; β = - 4.34; 95% CI, - 5.26 to - 3.41) and weekend shifts (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.34-2.05; β = - 3.48; 95% CI, - 4.30 to - 2.65). Findings from sensitivity analyses were consistent with the primary results.
conclusionADC implementation In the ED was associated with modest but operationally meaningful improvements in medication administration timeliness. These findings may be context-dependent and warrant confirmation across diverse workflows and with patient-centered and safety outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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