ArticleNature human behaviour2026
Causal evidence of task-switching costs in organ transplantation.
Article in Nature human behaviour, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Experimental psychology has long shown that task switching imposes cognitive demands and increases error rates, yet its impact in high-stakes real-world settings remains unclear. Here we provide causal evidence of switching costs in the context of organ transplantation. Leveraging quasi-random organ arrivals as a natural experiment, we analyse national registry data on 316,742 US transplants from 2007 to 2019. We find that, when surgeons switch organ types (for example, from liver to kidney) across consecutive surgeries, patients' 1-year post-transplant mortality increases by 0.66 percentage points (95% confidence interval 0.39-0.94; P < 0.001), a 14.8% increase relative to baseline. These risks can potentially be mitigated through structured scheduling, longer intervals between procedures, and greater surgeon experience. Our findings identify task switching as a modifiable risk factor in expert performance and offer potential strategies to improve outcomes in high-stakes environments.
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