Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42062309›Full record

ArticleScientific data2026

VO: The Vaccine Ontology.

Jie Zheng, Asiyah Yu Lin, Anthony Huffman, Anna Maria Masci, Rebecca Racz, Guanming Wu, Kallan Roan, Edison Ong, Sirarat Sarntivijai, Joy Hu and 51 more

Abstract readDataset
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific data, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

61 authors.

Jie ZhengUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-0103
Asiyah Yu LinUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2620-0345
Anthony HuffmanUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Anna Maria MasciUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-6740
Rebecca RaczUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Guanming WuDivision of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
Kallan RoanUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Edison OngUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Sirarat SarntivijaiIT Research, Development and Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany.
Joy HuUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Eliyas AsfawUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Hayleigh KahnUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Xingxian LiUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Xumeng ZhangUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Joshua MonickarajUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Nilufer KosarUniversity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
Jianfu LiMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
Warren ManuelUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Rashmie AbeysingheUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Hasin RehanaUniversity of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
Benu BansalUniversity of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
Yuanyi PanUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Jinjing GuoUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Virginia HeBrown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Justin SongUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Andrey I SeleznevUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Katelyn HurRed River High School, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
Anna HeHuron High School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Alexander DavydovThesaurus Health, New York City, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-9978-4978
Qi YangIQVIA, Inc., Durham, NC, USA.
Anna OstropoletsJohnson and Johnson, Raritan, NJ, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0847-6682
Randi VitaLa Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Bjoern PetersLa Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-6693
Alan RuttenbergUniversity at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Alexander D DiehlUniversity at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Charles Tapley HoytInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4423-4370
Paola RoncagliaElsevier, BioData Innovation Centre, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
Rachael P HuntleyElsevier, BioData Innovation Centre, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
Richard H ScheuermannDivision of Intramural Research, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Melanie CourtotOntario Institute for Cancer Research and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9551-6370
Thomas ToddUniversity of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Samantha SayersUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Fang ChenUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Xinna LiUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Feng-Yu YehUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Zuoshuang XiangUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Arzucan OzgurUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Patricia L WhetzelUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Mark A MusenStanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-793X
Christopher J MungallLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165
Wolfgang W LeitnerNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Licong CuiUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Lesley A ColbyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Harry L T MobleyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Brian D AtheyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9793-535X
Gilbert S OmennUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Lindsay G CowellUT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Cui TaoMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
Junguk HurUniversity of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0736-2149
Barry SmithUniversity at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Yongqun HeUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. yongqunh@med.umich.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-9661

Funding

VIOLIN 2.0: Vaccine Information and Ontology LInked kNowledgebaseU24AI171008 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Yongqun He, Junguk Hur · 2022 to 2026
$4.2M
Ontology-based Information Network to Support Vaccine ResearchR01AI081062 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI HE, YONGQUN · 2009 to 2012
$1.1M
Ontology-supported Integrative Analysis and Visualization of Vaccine-induced Pathways and NetworksUH2AI132931 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI HE, YONGQUN, WU, GUANMING · 2019 to 2020
$437k
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI081062NIAID NIH HHS U24 AI171008NIAID NIH HHS UH2 AI132931University of Michigan (U-M) Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) P30ES017885-01A1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vaccines are widely used in both research and clinical settings. To facilitate FAIR data practices, we urgently need to standardize vaccine representation, integrate information across diverse vaccine types, and support computer-assisted reasoning. Accordingly, we have since 2007 developed the community-based Vaccine Ontology (VO), which aligns with the Basic Formal Ontology and adheres to OBO Foundry principles. VO ontologically models vaccines, vaccine components, vaccine immune responses, vaccine investigation studies and other vaccine-related topics. VO represents more than 10,000 vaccines targeting 289 infectious pathogens and cancers in humans and over 30 nonhuman animal species. VO provides mappings to external resources such as RxNorm, CVX, FDA, and USDA. VO facilitates vaccine standardization in resources such as the VIOLIN vaccine database, ImmPort, and the Vaccine Adjuvant Compendium (VAC). VO enables semantic queries on vaccine data. It has been shown to enhance the analysis of experimental and clinical vaccine datasets, as well as vaccine-related literature mining. Overall, VO standardizes vaccine modeling and representation and greatly supports vaccine AI research in the Semantic Web era.

Indexed as

Biological OntologiesVaccinesAnimalsHumansVaccines

Identifiers

PMID42062309
PMCPMC13338464

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.