Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42062257›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Effects of different mixing techniques on mRNA lipid nanoparticle physicochemistry and biological performance.

T Bethiana, A Aljabbari, Y Li, H Mitra, M Baghbanbashi, G S Harris, S R Dasaro, F Masoomi, F S Vago, S L Hartzler and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Post-loading ribonucleic acid into lipid nanoparticle carriers.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

T BethianaDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0008-0818-3848
A AljabbariDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-8868
Y LiDepartment of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-0734
H MitraSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-6104
M BaghbanbashiDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6045-2573
G S HarrisDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
S R DasaroDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-8111-5437
F MasoomiDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7393-8205
F S VagoPurdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
S L HartzlerDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-5288-281X
M FigueiredoDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
L A MetskasDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8073-6960
P VlachosSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8040-9257
A M ArdekaniSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3301-3193
Y YeoDepartment of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9505-7701
K RistrophDepartment of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. ristroph@purdue.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6771-6105

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation requires a mixing step. Many studies, especially from academic groups, utilize microfluidic mixers or hand mixing to prepare LNPs, while commercial-scale processes use turbulent-flow mixers. This discrepancy in mixing techniques has been underexplored, as LNPs made by different techniques may exhibit different performance, meaning bench-scale results cannot be replicated using materials manufactured at scale. Here, we isolate and interrogate the effect of primary mixing on LNP formulation. LNPs are produced from ten mixers while holding all other formulation parameters constant, to directly compare across techniques. We show that LNPs produced from the different mixers exhibit widely different physical properties and biological performance. Notably, manual pipetting common in academic practice yields particles that do not resemble those produced by turbulent-flow mixers. Findings are connected mechanistically to physicochemical characteristics arising from different flow regimes. Further establishing the relationship between mixing and LNP properties is critical.

Indexed as

LipidsNanoparticlesRNA, MessengerLiposomesMicrofluidicsParticle SizeLipid NanoparticlesLipidsLiposomesRNA, Messenger

Identifiers

PMID42062257
PMCPMC13338065

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.