ArticleCellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology2026
Triazine Thiols Decrease Apolipoprotein B Secretion From Hepatocytes Through Inhibition of Human Carboxylesterase 1.
Article in Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND &
aimsHomozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal genetic disorder that generates increased levels of low-density lipoproteins in the serum. Elevated low-density lipoprotein results in hypercholesterolemia leading to potentially fatal cardiovascular disease. Patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia are often refractory to standard cholesterol-lowering treatments. Some available pharmaceuticals developed specifically for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia can elevate hepatic lipid levels and in other cases have limited accessibility. Previously, we identified a family of triazine thiol compounds that effectively reduce apolipoprotein B-100 secretion by hepatocytes. In mice with humanized livers, triazine thiols effectively lowered serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins and lipoprotein(a). Despite their effectiveness, the mode of action of triazine thiols was unknown.
methodsAffinity-based mass spectrometry, biochemical assays, molecular modeling, and gene-edited induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells were used to identify and characterize the molecular target and mechanism of action of triazine thiols.
resultsUsing affinity-based mass spectrometry, we identified Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) as a triazine thiol binding protein. Biochemical assays demonstrated that triazine thiols are slow-binding, allosteric, covalent CES1-specific inhibitors. Molecular modeling identified a predicted binding site within CES1 near cysteine 390, and loss of this cysteine conferred resistance to triazine thiol-mediated inhibition. Moreover, hepatocyte-like cells derived from CES1-/- induced human pluripotent stem cells exhibited a significant reduction in APOB secretion, mimicking the effect of triazine thiol treatment.
conclusionsThis study establishes triazine thiols as novel, highly specific carboxylesterase 1 inhibitors, providing insight into their mechanism and highlighting carboxylesterase 1 inhibition as an approach for treating hypercholesterolemia.
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