ReviewIndian journal of ophthalmology2026
Non-intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor delivery for ocular neovascular diseases: Current status and future directions.
Review in Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy has fundamentally transformed the management of retinal and choroidal neovascular diseases. Despite its proven efficacy, long-term reliance on repeated intravitreal injections imposes a substantial burden on patients and healthcare systems. Real-world studies consistently demonstrate reduced adherence and inferior visual outcomes compared with randomized clinical trials. These limitations have driven interest in alternative, non-intravitreal routes of anti-VEGF delivery aimed at reducing treatment burden while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. This narrative review provides a comprehensive evaluation of suprachoroidal, systemic, transscleral, episcleral, subretinal, and topical non-intravitreal delivery strategies. Emphasis is placed on ocular pharmacokinetic barriers, pharmacodynamic requirements for sustained VEGF suppression, reasons for historical failures, and the translational maturity of emerging experimental platforms. While selected approaches, particularly suprachoroidal and gene-based strategies, show encouraging early results, intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy continues to represent the standard of care for ocular neovascular diseases.
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Registered trials
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