Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42060244›Full record

ArticleOphthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)2026

Smartphone Addiction and Dry Eye Disease in Children: Exploring the Mediating Role of Sleep Disturbance.

Ruixin Li, Qing He, Yafang Zheng, JunTing He, Lin Liu, Ruihua Wei

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Article in Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Ruixin Li *Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
Qing He *Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
Yafang Zheng *Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
JunTing HeTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
Lin LiuTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
Ruihua WeiTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China. rwei@tmu.edu.cn.

Funding

Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction Project TJYXZDXK-3-004A-2Tianjin Municipal Commission of Education 2023JWZD09
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dry eye disease (DED) and smartphone addiction, and to explore the mediating effect of sleep disturbance on this relationship.

methodsA total of 375 participants were recruited and surveyed using demographic questionnaires, 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5), Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). Additionally, they were assessed for DED using the Keratograph 5M and corneal fluorescein staining. Regression analysis and the bootstrap method were used to investigate the influence of sleep disturbance on the relationship between DED and smartphone addiction.

resultsAmong the 375 participants, 247 (65.9%) spend less than 2 h on screens, while 66 (17.6%) spend 2-4 h and 62(16.5%) spend more than 4 h. The effects of smartphone addiction, dry eye and sleep disturbance were positively correlated with one another (all p < 0.01). Model fit indices were all within acceptable ranges, indicating an adequate fit to the data. The total effect of smartphone addiction on dry eye is significant (β = 0.30, p = 0.002). Further, smartphone addiction has a significant indirect effect on the dry eye via sleep disturbance (β = 0.04, p = 0.045). The results suggest that the severity of DED symptoms was affected by smartphone addiction directly and sleep disturbance indirectly.

conclusionsA significant correlation was found between DED and smartphone addiction. Moreover, sleep disturbance was a mediator of the relationship between DED symptoms and smartphone addiction, which aligns with the direct and indirect effects identified in the results.

Indexed as

Dry Eye SyndromesInternet Addiction DisorderSleep Wake DisordersSmartphoneAdolescentChildCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleSurveys and QuestionnairesChildrenDry eye diseaseSleep disturbanceSmartphone addiction

Identifiers

PMID42060244

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.