ArticleGeneral thoracic and cardiovascular surgery2026
Women in Japanese cardiovascular surgery: 21-year trends (2004-2025), current status and future perspectives.
Article in General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundDespite the increasing number of female medical graduates in Japan, women remain underrepresented in cardiovascular surgery.
methodsUsing complete registry data from the Japanese Board of Cardiovascular Surgery (2004-2025), we examined annual proportions of female board-certified cardiovascular surgeons and newly certified surgeons. Linear regression was performed to assess trends and extrapolate future proportions. International benchmarking utilized published data from the United States, Europe, and global surveys.
resultsThe proportion of female board-certified cardiovascular surgeons increased from 0.7% in 2004 to 4.8% in 2025 (annual increase 0.202 percentage points; 95% CI 0.18-0.23; R
conclusionsOver two decades, female representation in Japanese cardiovascular surgery has risen steadily to 4.8%, driven by increasing female new certifications. Japan's current level corresponds to Western proportions from the mid-2000s, reflecting a persistent international disparity. The recent physician work-style reform and ongoing efforts to improve retention may influence future trends, but longitudinal data are needed to evaluate their impact.
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