Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42059805›Full record

ArticleEnvironmental microbiology2026

Pandemic Vibrio cholerae and the Environmental Reservoir Hypothesis-Outstanding Questions Central to Global Cholera Control.

Azfar D Hossain, William P Robins, John J Mekalanos, Louise C Ivers

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Environmental microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Azfar D HossainDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0358-7383
William P RobinsDepartment of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
John J MekalanosDepartment of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Louise C IversDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite global cholera cases rising to more than 560,000 in 2024, there remains no consensus on a fundamental aspect of cholera epidemiology: whether pandemic Vibrio cholerae forms long-term environmental reservoirs which become the source of future outbreaks. This knowledge gap prevents optimal disease forecasting, resource allocation and outbreak response in a variety of at-risk settings, from places experiencing annual cholera outbreaks (such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to those where the disease seemingly reappears after an absence (such as Haiti). Here, we provide a new framework on links between pandemic cholera and ecological parameters, demonstrating a complex and perhaps time-limited relationship between pathogen and environment. The framework in turn illustrates several outstanding questions which can be addressed to better understand whether, when and how environmental reservoirs perpetuate cholera, thereby helping to advance global cholera control.

Indexed as

CholeraDisease ReservoirsPandemicsVibrio choleraeHumans

Identifiers

PMID42059805
PMCPMC13131306

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.