Trial reportJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2026
Decoding and vocabulary improvements mediate sustained gains in reading comprehension: Evidence from a randomised controlled trial of a multicomponent reading intervention.
Trial report in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundReading comprehension is critical for academic success, yet many children with persistent decoding difficulties struggle to achieve it. This study examined whether a multicomponent literacy intervention is effective in improving reading comprehension and whether any gains in comprehension are mediated by improvements in word reading and vocabulary knowledge.
methodsIn a randomised controlled trial (RCT), 285 English-speaking children aged 7-9 years with reading difficulties were assigned to a waitlist control group or the Research Informed Literacy with Language (RILL) intervention, a structured, multicomponent programme targeting decoding and language skills. Literacy outcomes were assessed at baseline (t1), postintervention (t2) and at 4-month follow-up (t3). The trial was preregistered; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN18940975.
resultsChildren receiving RILL showed significantly greater gains in word-level literacy (d = 0.19, p < .001), taught vocabulary (d = 0.30, p = .017) and reading comprehension (d = 0.23, p = .011) immediately postintervention. Effects were sustained at follow-up (word-level literacy d = 0.17; taught vocabulary d = 0.30; comprehension d = 0.25). Mediation analyses, showed a significant indirect effect of the intervention on comprehension at delayed follow-up via word-level literacy at t2 (y-standardised indirect β = .10, 95% CI [0.06, 0.12]), with a negligible direct effect (y-standardised β = .01, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.20]). In an additional exploratory parallel-mediation model, both t2 word-level literacy and taught vocabulary showed unique indirect effects on t3 comprehension (word-level literacy indirect: β = .16, 95% CI 0.10, 0.21, and taught vocabulary indirect β = .11, 95% CI 0.02, 0.23).
conclusionsOur intervention produced immediate and sustained improvements in word-level literacy, taught vocabulary and reading comprehension in struggling readers. Persisting decoding weaknesses are common in later primary years, and our findings show that improving word reading can produce enduring benefits for comprehension.
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