ArticleMaterials today. Bio2026
High-yield cell-derived extracellular matrix bioink via macromolecular crowding for versatile 3D bioprinting.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is a promising bioink because it replicates the biochemical and structural features of native tissues. However, tissue-derived dECM is limited by restricted availability and potential immunogenicity. To overcome these challenges, we developed a macromolecular crowding (MMC)-enhanced cell-derived extracellular matrix (CD-ECM) bioink with improved yield and biofunctionality. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were cultured under MMC conditions, followed by decellularization and enzymatic processing to generate a printable CD-ECM bioink. The MMC strategy markedly increased extracellular matrix (ECM) yield, collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and mechanical stability compared to conventional cultures. The optimized CD-ECM bioink exhibited reliable printability in both extrusion-based and digital light processing (DLP) 3D bioprinting, enabling fabrication of constructs with high shape fidelity and cell viability. Incorporation of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) further enhanced osteogenic performance, resulting in elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, increased calcium deposition, and upregulation of osteogenic markers, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), collagen type I alpha 1(COL1A1), ALP, and osteocalcin (OCN). These findings highlight the synergistic interaction between ECM-derived biochemical cues and α-TCP-mediated ionic signaling. Overall, the MMC-enhanced CD-ECM/α-TCP bioink offers a versatile, biologically active, and osteoinductive platform for advanced bone tissue engineering and regenerative applications.
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